How To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption
2021年11月28日Download here: http://gg.gg/x2ozx
The channels are encrypted with some sort of password. These passwords changes every 10 seconds, making it very hard for hackers to crack it in this short period of time. However, CCCAM made this thing possible by downloading the new versions as soon as the image is encrypted.
*How To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption Key
*How To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption Decryption
*How To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption Windows 10
*How To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption SoftwareOverview
Brute forcing is far from the only way to crack an encryption algorithm. In fact, if it was the only way, WW2 enigma would still be unreadable. The things that make AES secure are: 1. 256 bits is too much to brute force. It is well tested against state-of-the-art cryptanalysis, and there are no significantly effective attacks against it known. In the last 2 days i tried to figure out, how to crack my encrypted partition. My 1st problem is: how do I get the hash of the password used for the encryption? If I’m right, the hash of the password is the basic to crack it. I’m using Win 8.1. The partition is encrypted with AES+SHA512. How To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption Code How To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption Virus. This year, the Bank marks its 7. In fiscal year 2. Bank authorized financing to support more than $1. For more information on Ex- Im Bank, visit http: //www. Craigs comment, to go at 9. E and Cover Australia nicely on Cband)Grabbing a Piece of the Space Pie. Irdeto’s Global Gaming Survey uncovered that 77% of players are likely to quit a game for good if they feel opponents aren’t playing fair. Our technology solution protects eSports and online games from cheating. Developed by security experts, Denuvo Anti-Cheat has no negative impact on in-game performance.
In this lesson, students learn about the relationship between cryptographic keys and passwords. Students explore the Vigenère cipher with a widget to examine how a cryptographic ’key’ can be used to encrypt and decrypt a message. Then, students use a tool that shows them about how long it would take to crack a given password using a standard desktop computer. Students experiment with what makes a good password and answer questions about the “human components” of cybersecurity.Purpose
Cryptography and encryption are important and far-reaching fields within computer science. This lesson begins to get students’ feet wet with the human side of cybersecurity: choosing good passwords through an exploration of the classic Vigenère Cipher. We also learn that the Vigenère cipher is actually susceptible to frequency analysis (though at first glance it is not) and in subsequent lessons we learn that better methods are used today.
Strong encryption techniques are typically publicly known algorithms, but have mathematical properties which ensure that the original message cannot easily be retrieved. These techniques typically feature a secret “key” or piece of information that is used when encrypting the message. Free mac games online. While the algorithm can be publicly known, the secret key is not. The art of encryption is coming up with an algorithm that 1) makes the message undecipherable without the key and 2) is such that the key should only be discoverable through an exhaustive search of all possible keys, rather than through some other analytical technique.
In this lesson we focus on making a good key, while in subsequent lessons we learn more about problems and algorithms that are computationally hard. Guessing a random sequence of 200 characters, for example, is computationally hard, because there is no known way to approach the problem besides trying the trillions and trillions of possible character combinations. AgendaGetting Started (10 mins)Activity 1 (30 mins)Activity 2 (20 mins)Wrap-up (10-15 mins)AssessmentExtended LearningView on Code StudioObjectivesStudents will be able to:
*Explain the relationship between cryptographic keys and passwords.
*Explain in broad terms what makes a key difficult to “crack.”
*Reason about strong vs. weak passwords using a tool that shows password strength.
*Understand that exponential growth is related to an encryption algorithm’s strength.
*Explain how and why the Vigenère cipher is a stronger form of encryption than plain substitution.
*Explain properties that make for a good key when using the Vigenère Cipher.Preparation
*Explore the Vigenere Cipher Widget in Code Studio
*Familiarize yourself with the ’howsecureismypassword.net’ site.
*(Optional) Print out worksheets (links in Code Studio)Links
Heads Up! Please make a copy of any documents you plan to share with students.For the Teachers
*KEY - Keys and Passwords - Answer Key
*KEY - Exploring the Vigenere Cipher Widget - Answer Key For the Students
*Exploring the Vigenere Cipher Widget - Worksheet
*The Vigenere Cipher - Widget
*Keys and Passwords - Worksheet
*How Secure Is My Password? - Code Studio Page
*The Internet: Encryption & Public Keys - Video (download)
*(Optional) How Not to Get Hacked - Resource Vocabulary
*Computationally Hard - a ’hard’ problem for a computer is one in which it cannot arrive at a solution in a reasonable amount of time.SupportLesson ForumUnit 4 Online Professional Learning CourseReport a BugGetting Started (10 mins)
Discussion Goal
Provide a quick (about 5 minutes) justification for the practice of cracking ciphers, while reviewing relevant vocabulary. At the conclusion of the lesson, students will discuss other reasons we might try to crack a cipher, namely to ensure that it is difficult to do!
*People in the field of counterterrorism make a living by trying to crack the codes of other nations. Many attribute the success of the Allies in WWII to our ability to crack the Enigma code and uncover the plans of the Germans.
*Others may try to crack more abstract codes that are not written by humans, searching for patterns within DNA models in order to understand their nature and be able to describe the nature of humanity.
*It’s useful to try to crack your own codes to see how strong they really are.
*There are many other reasons related to mathematical exploration, pattern recognition, etc.
Misconception AlertHow To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption Key
There’s a common misconception that “cracking” and “decrypting” are interchangeable terms.
*Decrypting is just using an algorithm to undo the encryption. It’s like using a key to unlock a lock. It’s what the sender is expecting the intended recipient to do to recover the original message.
*Cracking is more like detective work - it’s like trying to pick a lock - using various methods to try to figure out what the secret message is without having or knowing the decryption ’key’ ahead of time.
Remarks
In the previous lesson you saw how relatively easy it was to crack a substitution cipher with a computational tool.
Today we’ll try to crack a different code to see what it’s like. Beforehand, however, we should consider why someone might want to crack a cipher in the first place. Think - Pair - Share
Prompt:
*’Are there ethical reasons to try to crack secret codes?’
Give students a few minutes to write down a response and discuss with a neighbor.How To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption Decryption
Discussion
*Have students quickly share out reasons they came up with.
*There are a lot of different reasons that a person may want to crack a code. Some of them are more ethical (legal) than others. Encryption: Algorithms v. Keys
Today, we will attempt to crack codes, paying particular attention to the processes and algorithms that we use to do so.
So, before starting today we want to make sure that we distinguish between an encryption algorithm and an encryption key
*An Encryption algorithm is some method of doing encryption.
*The Encryption key is a specific input that dictates how to apply the method and can also be used to decrypt the message. Some people might say ’What is the key to unlocking this message?’
For example:
*The Caesar Cipher is an encryption algorithm that involves shifting the alphabet
*The amount of alphabetic shift used to encode the message is the key
*When you are cracking the Caesar Cipher you are trying to figure out how much the alphabet was shifted - you are trying to discover the key.
Discussion Goal
Quickly review what a “key” is in a cryptographic method and distinguish it from the Algorithm
Prompt:
*
’If random substitution is an algorithm for encryption, what is the key to a random substitution cipher?’
*A: The key is the actual letter-to-letter mapping that was used to encode the message - it can also be used to decrypt.
Content Corner
Perhaps counter-intuitively, publicly known encryption algorithms are often more secure, since they have been exposed to a much more rigorous review by the computer science community. Making an encryption algorithm public allows computer scientists to verify the security of the technique either through mathematical proof, or by trying to crack it themselves.
Transitional Remarks
So, There is a difference between the algorithm (how to execute the encryption and decryption) and key (the secret piece of information).
*In encryption you should always assume that your ’enemy’ knows the encryption algorithm and has access to the same tools that you do.
*What makes encryption REALLY strong is making it hard to guess or crack the “key,” even if the “enemy” knows the encryption technique you’re using.
Today we’ll learn a little more about it and about keys and their relationship to passwords you use every day.Activity 1 (30 mins)Explore the Vigenère Cipher Widget
Teaching Tips
*The Vigenere Cipher Widget is another fun tool to mess around with.
*The key take-aways for students are:
*A well-chosen key makes a difference - there are certain keys that don’t produce good results.
*We’re approaching much stronger encryption because we don’t need to keep the encryption method a secret.
*For example, if I told my enemy that I encrypted a message with the Vigenère cipher, my enemy would still have to do a virtually impossible amount of work to crack the code.
*Even if I told my enemy the length of the key I used, as long as that length is sufficiently large, it would still leave my enemy basically randomly guessing the key. (Even for this simplified tool, if the key is 10 letters, then there are 26^10 possible keys, ~141 trillion.)
*Try to keep students’ focus on the properties and relationships of the keys to the strength of the encryption.
Go to Code Studio
*
Distribute: Exploring the Vigenere Cipher Widget - Worksheet
*
Students should click on the The Vigenere Cipher - Widget
*
Use the worksheet as a guide for exploring the widget.
The goals of this activity are:
*Understand how the Vigenère Cipher Algorithm works
*Understand why simple frequency analysis doesn’t work against this cipher
*Figure out what makes for a good v. bad secret key
The activity guide asks students to:
Part 1: Explore the Widget
Students are asked to:
*Jump into the tool and poke around
*Figure out what it’s doing
The worksheet gives a few directed tasks:
*Encrypt a few different messages using different secret keys
*Decrypt a message
*Find a “bad” secret key
*Find a “good” secret key
*Try to decrypt without knowing the key
Part 2: Answer Questions
Students are given space to write answers to these questions.
You can find sample responses in the KEY - Exploring the Vigenere Cipher Widget - Answer Key
*
Describe in your own words what the Vigenère Cipher Algorithm is doing.
*
What makes for a good v. bad secret key using the Vigenère cipher?
*
Compare and Contrast the difference between a substitution cipher (Caesar or Random) and Vigenere, using the message “I think I can I think I can I think I can” to explain why Vigenère is a stronger form of encryption than a substitution cipher.
*
Will frequency analysis work to crack the Vigenère cipher? Why or why not?
*
(paraphrase) Is it easier to crack a message if you know that it was encrypted with the Vigenère Cipher Widget?
*
(paraphrase) Is it easier to crack a message if you know that it was encrypted with the Vigenère Cipher Widget and that the key was 10 characters long?Recap: Properties of strong encryption
You may wish to review students’ responses on the activity guide at this point. Or you can move that to the wrap-up. We’d like to make a few points about encryption before moving to the next activity..
Prompt:
*’From what you’ve seen what are the properties of the Vigenere Cipher that make it harder to crack? In other words, if you had to crack a vigenere cipher what would you do?’
Discussion
A few points should come out in discussion:
*Vigenere is strong because looking at the cipher text there are no discerable patterns assuming a good key was chosen.
*Because the ciphertext is resistant to analysis it leaves us simply having to guess what the key is.
*Even if we know the length of the key we might still have to try every possible letter combination which is a prohibitively large number of possiblities.
Content Corner
If you are interested in how the Vigenere cipher can be cracked there are a number of resources out there. See the ’Extended Learning’ section of the lesson plan for links.
Remarks
*For a long time, the Vigenère cipher was considered to be an unbreakable cipher and was used by governments to send important messages.
*But in the 1800s Vigenere was discovered to be susceptible to a modified form of frequency analysis. After that point it was considered insecure.
*Still the properties of Vigenere that we’ve found are desirable.Activity 2 (20 mins)Computationally Hard Problems -- How good is your password?
Teaching Tip
Don’t worry too much about the precise definitions of ’computationally hard’ and ’reasonable time’ here. It will be addressed more in the video at the end of this lesson as well as the next lesson.
You should know that the CSP Framework does have a learning objective that relates: 4.2.1 Explain the difference between algorithms that run in a reasonable time and those that do not run in a reasonable time. [P1]
Introduction
*We know that a good encryption algorithm reduces the problem of cracking it to simply guessing the key.
*We want the key to be Computationally Hard to guess - in other words, hard for a computer to guess.
*Computationally Hard typically means that arriving at the solution would take a computer a prohibitively long time - as in: centuries or eons.
*In terms of cracking encryption that means that the number of possible keys must be so large, that even a computer trying billions of possible keys per second is unlikely to arrive at the correct key in a reasonable amount of time.
*Nowadays when you use a password for a website or device, your password is used as a cryptographic key.
*So, choosing a good password is meaningful because we want the key to be hard for a computer to guess. How good is your password?..
Go to Code Studio
*
Distribute: Keys and Passwords - Worksheet
*The worksheet simply has questions on it to answer. You may distribute them in some other format if you like.
*
Students should click on the next page in Code Studio: How Secure Is My Password? - Code Studio Page..How Secure is my Password - Code Studio Page
Students should read the text on this page about password security and choice.
Student tasks are listed..1. Open up password strength checker
Students should open the external website howsecureismypassword.net in a separate tab or window and then try out these things listed:
Teaching Tips
Make sure you leave enough time for the wrap up.
Students may have a lot of questions about passwords and security that you feel like you might not be able to answer. That’s OK!
a) You don’t have to be an expert on this subject
b) The reality is that the world of cybersecurity changes every day
c) Some of the details can get very complicated, even for professionals.
So, encourage the students’ curiosity and perhaps say, “I don’t know, but I bet you could look it up.” Cybersecurity is an enormous topic. If students get interested, they could dedicate their whole life to this field.2. Test some passwords
Try different passwords to see what the tool tells you:
*Try typing common words from the dictionary or well-known names like “apple” or “chicago”.
*Try typing something that’s over 16 characters.
*Try a string of 4 random words together, like AppleChicagoBalletTree.
*Type a 0. Then keep typing 0s and watch what happens to the statistics. (Actually, you might want to just hold 0 down for a while.)
*Try other things that interest you.3. Answer Questions
Questions are listed in Keys and Passwords - Worksheet:
*Create a few passwords using 8 lowercase ASCII characters (a-z). What’s the longest amount of time-to-crack you can generate?
*Using any characters on the keyboard, what’s the longest amount of time-to-crack you can generate with an 8-character password?
*As you try passwords, what seems to be the single most significant factor in making a password difficult to crack? Why do you think this is?
*Opinion: Is an 8-character minimum a good password length for websites to require? Give your opinion, yes or no, and explain why you think that.
*The AP CS Principles framework contains the following statement: Implementing cybersecurity has software, hardware, and human components. Based on what you’ve learned so far, describe at least one way that cybersecurity involves “human components.”
Hopefully you can now appreciate this comic: http://xkcd.com/936/Wrap-up (10-15 mins)
Discussion Goal
The goal here is to recall that the reason we want to have encrypted transactions is for our own security.
We should feel good about well known strong encryption methods.
We want a world in which anyone can conduct secure transactions on the web; without this possibility, many things would be impossible.
Discuss:
*
Before the Vigenere cipher was cracked, many governments openly used it. That is, they made no secret about the fact that they were using the Vigenere cipher - it was publicly known. In the modern day, it remains the case that most encryption techniques are publicly known.
*
Prompt: Why might it actually be a good thing that encryption algorithms are freely shared, so that anyone who wishes can try to crack them?
*If the security of an encryption technique relies solely on the method remaining a secret, it actually may not be that secure.
*Ideally, a method will be so secure that even if you know which technique was used, it is difficult or impossible to crack the message.
*By making encryption techniques public, we open them up to being tested by anyone who wishes to ensure there are no clever ways of cracking the encryption.Video: Encryption and Public Keys
Wrap up goals
The video re-iterates a number of points that came out in this lesson.
Understand the relationship between cryptographic keys and passwords.
*A Key is an input to
https://diarynote-jp.indered.space
The channels are encrypted with some sort of password. These passwords changes every 10 seconds, making it very hard for hackers to crack it in this short period of time. However, CCCAM made this thing possible by downloading the new versions as soon as the image is encrypted.
*How To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption Key
*How To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption Decryption
*How To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption Windows 10
*How To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption SoftwareOverview
Brute forcing is far from the only way to crack an encryption algorithm. In fact, if it was the only way, WW2 enigma would still be unreadable. The things that make AES secure are: 1. 256 bits is too much to brute force. It is well tested against state-of-the-art cryptanalysis, and there are no significantly effective attacks against it known. In the last 2 days i tried to figure out, how to crack my encrypted partition. My 1st problem is: how do I get the hash of the password used for the encryption? If I’m right, the hash of the password is the basic to crack it. I’m using Win 8.1. The partition is encrypted with AES+SHA512. How To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption Code How To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption Virus. This year, the Bank marks its 7. In fiscal year 2. Bank authorized financing to support more than $1. For more information on Ex- Im Bank, visit http: //www. Craigs comment, to go at 9. E and Cover Australia nicely on Cband)Grabbing a Piece of the Space Pie. Irdeto’s Global Gaming Survey uncovered that 77% of players are likely to quit a game for good if they feel opponents aren’t playing fair. Our technology solution protects eSports and online games from cheating. Developed by security experts, Denuvo Anti-Cheat has no negative impact on in-game performance.
In this lesson, students learn about the relationship between cryptographic keys and passwords. Students explore the Vigenère cipher with a widget to examine how a cryptographic ’key’ can be used to encrypt and decrypt a message. Then, students use a tool that shows them about how long it would take to crack a given password using a standard desktop computer. Students experiment with what makes a good password and answer questions about the “human components” of cybersecurity.Purpose
Cryptography and encryption are important and far-reaching fields within computer science. This lesson begins to get students’ feet wet with the human side of cybersecurity: choosing good passwords through an exploration of the classic Vigenère Cipher. We also learn that the Vigenère cipher is actually susceptible to frequency analysis (though at first glance it is not) and in subsequent lessons we learn that better methods are used today.
Strong encryption techniques are typically publicly known algorithms, but have mathematical properties which ensure that the original message cannot easily be retrieved. These techniques typically feature a secret “key” or piece of information that is used when encrypting the message. Free mac games online. While the algorithm can be publicly known, the secret key is not. The art of encryption is coming up with an algorithm that 1) makes the message undecipherable without the key and 2) is such that the key should only be discoverable through an exhaustive search of all possible keys, rather than through some other analytical technique.
In this lesson we focus on making a good key, while in subsequent lessons we learn more about problems and algorithms that are computationally hard. Guessing a random sequence of 200 characters, for example, is computationally hard, because there is no known way to approach the problem besides trying the trillions and trillions of possible character combinations. AgendaGetting Started (10 mins)Activity 1 (30 mins)Activity 2 (20 mins)Wrap-up (10-15 mins)AssessmentExtended LearningView on Code StudioObjectivesStudents will be able to:
*Explain the relationship between cryptographic keys and passwords.
*Explain in broad terms what makes a key difficult to “crack.”
*Reason about strong vs. weak passwords using a tool that shows password strength.
*Understand that exponential growth is related to an encryption algorithm’s strength.
*Explain how and why the Vigenère cipher is a stronger form of encryption than plain substitution.
*Explain properties that make for a good key when using the Vigenère Cipher.Preparation
*Explore the Vigenere Cipher Widget in Code Studio
*Familiarize yourself with the ’howsecureismypassword.net’ site.
*(Optional) Print out worksheets (links in Code Studio)Links
Heads Up! Please make a copy of any documents you plan to share with students.For the Teachers
*KEY - Keys and Passwords - Answer Key
*KEY - Exploring the Vigenere Cipher Widget - Answer Key For the Students
*Exploring the Vigenere Cipher Widget - Worksheet
*The Vigenere Cipher - Widget
*Keys and Passwords - Worksheet
*How Secure Is My Password? - Code Studio Page
*The Internet: Encryption & Public Keys - Video (download)
*(Optional) How Not to Get Hacked - Resource Vocabulary
*Computationally Hard - a ’hard’ problem for a computer is one in which it cannot arrive at a solution in a reasonable amount of time.SupportLesson ForumUnit 4 Online Professional Learning CourseReport a BugGetting Started (10 mins)
Discussion Goal
Provide a quick (about 5 minutes) justification for the practice of cracking ciphers, while reviewing relevant vocabulary. At the conclusion of the lesson, students will discuss other reasons we might try to crack a cipher, namely to ensure that it is difficult to do!
*People in the field of counterterrorism make a living by trying to crack the codes of other nations. Many attribute the success of the Allies in WWII to our ability to crack the Enigma code and uncover the plans of the Germans.
*Others may try to crack more abstract codes that are not written by humans, searching for patterns within DNA models in order to understand their nature and be able to describe the nature of humanity.
*It’s useful to try to crack your own codes to see how strong they really are.
*There are many other reasons related to mathematical exploration, pattern recognition, etc.
Misconception AlertHow To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption Key
There’s a common misconception that “cracking” and “decrypting” are interchangeable terms.
*Decrypting is just using an algorithm to undo the encryption. It’s like using a key to unlock a lock. It’s what the sender is expecting the intended recipient to do to recover the original message.
*Cracking is more like detective work - it’s like trying to pick a lock - using various methods to try to figure out what the secret message is without having or knowing the decryption ’key’ ahead of time.
Remarks
In the previous lesson you saw how relatively easy it was to crack a substitution cipher with a computational tool.
Today we’ll try to crack a different code to see what it’s like. Beforehand, however, we should consider why someone might want to crack a cipher in the first place. Think - Pair - Share
Prompt:
*’Are there ethical reasons to try to crack secret codes?’
Give students a few minutes to write down a response and discuss with a neighbor.How To Crack Irdeto 2 Encryption Decryption
Discussion
*Have students quickly share out reasons they came up with.
*There are a lot of different reasons that a person may want to crack a code. Some of them are more ethical (legal) than others. Encryption: Algorithms v. Keys
Today, we will attempt to crack codes, paying particular attention to the processes and algorithms that we use to do so.
So, before starting today we want to make sure that we distinguish between an encryption algorithm and an encryption key
*An Encryption algorithm is some method of doing encryption.
*The Encryption key is a specific input that dictates how to apply the method and can also be used to decrypt the message. Some people might say ’What is the key to unlocking this message?’
For example:
*The Caesar Cipher is an encryption algorithm that involves shifting the alphabet
*The amount of alphabetic shift used to encode the message is the key
*When you are cracking the Caesar Cipher you are trying to figure out how much the alphabet was shifted - you are trying to discover the key.
Discussion Goal
Quickly review what a “key” is in a cryptographic method and distinguish it from the Algorithm
Prompt:
*
’If random substitution is an algorithm for encryption, what is the key to a random substitution cipher?’
*A: The key is the actual letter-to-letter mapping that was used to encode the message - it can also be used to decrypt.
Content Corner
Perhaps counter-intuitively, publicly known encryption algorithms are often more secure, since they have been exposed to a much more rigorous review by the computer science community. Making an encryption algorithm public allows computer scientists to verify the security of the technique either through mathematical proof, or by trying to crack it themselves.
Transitional Remarks
So, There is a difference between the algorithm (how to execute the encryption and decryption) and key (the secret piece of information).
*In encryption you should always assume that your ’enemy’ knows the encryption algorithm and has access to the same tools that you do.
*What makes encryption REALLY strong is making it hard to guess or crack the “key,” even if the “enemy” knows the encryption technique you’re using.
Today we’ll learn a little more about it and about keys and their relationship to passwords you use every day.Activity 1 (30 mins)Explore the Vigenère Cipher Widget
Teaching Tips
*The Vigenere Cipher Widget is another fun tool to mess around with.
*The key take-aways for students are:
*A well-chosen key makes a difference - there are certain keys that don’t produce good results.
*We’re approaching much stronger encryption because we don’t need to keep the encryption method a secret.
*For example, if I told my enemy that I encrypted a message with the Vigenère cipher, my enemy would still have to do a virtually impossible amount of work to crack the code.
*Even if I told my enemy the length of the key I used, as long as that length is sufficiently large, it would still leave my enemy basically randomly guessing the key. (Even for this simplified tool, if the key is 10 letters, then there are 26^10 possible keys, ~141 trillion.)
*Try to keep students’ focus on the properties and relationships of the keys to the strength of the encryption.
Go to Code Studio
*
Distribute: Exploring the Vigenere Cipher Widget - Worksheet
*
Students should click on the The Vigenere Cipher - Widget
*
Use the worksheet as a guide for exploring the widget.
The goals of this activity are:
*Understand how the Vigenère Cipher Algorithm works
*Understand why simple frequency analysis doesn’t work against this cipher
*Figure out what makes for a good v. bad secret key
The activity guide asks students to:
Part 1: Explore the Widget
Students are asked to:
*Jump into the tool and poke around
*Figure out what it’s doing
The worksheet gives a few directed tasks:
*Encrypt a few different messages using different secret keys
*Decrypt a message
*Find a “bad” secret key
*Find a “good” secret key
*Try to decrypt without knowing the key
Part 2: Answer Questions
Students are given space to write answers to these questions.
You can find sample responses in the KEY - Exploring the Vigenere Cipher Widget - Answer Key
*
Describe in your own words what the Vigenère Cipher Algorithm is doing.
*
What makes for a good v. bad secret key using the Vigenère cipher?
*
Compare and Contrast the difference between a substitution cipher (Caesar or Random) and Vigenere, using the message “I think I can I think I can I think I can” to explain why Vigenère is a stronger form of encryption than a substitution cipher.
*
Will frequency analysis work to crack the Vigenère cipher? Why or why not?
*
(paraphrase) Is it easier to crack a message if you know that it was encrypted with the Vigenère Cipher Widget?
*
(paraphrase) Is it easier to crack a message if you know that it was encrypted with the Vigenère Cipher Widget and that the key was 10 characters long?Recap: Properties of strong encryption
You may wish to review students’ responses on the activity guide at this point. Or you can move that to the wrap-up. We’d like to make a few points about encryption before moving to the next activity..
Prompt:
*’From what you’ve seen what are the properties of the Vigenere Cipher that make it harder to crack? In other words, if you had to crack a vigenere cipher what would you do?’
Discussion
A few points should come out in discussion:
*Vigenere is strong because looking at the cipher text there are no discerable patterns assuming a good key was chosen.
*Because the ciphertext is resistant to analysis it leaves us simply having to guess what the key is.
*Even if we know the length of the key we might still have to try every possible letter combination which is a prohibitively large number of possiblities.
Content Corner
If you are interested in how the Vigenere cipher can be cracked there are a number of resources out there. See the ’Extended Learning’ section of the lesson plan for links.
Remarks
*For a long time, the Vigenère cipher was considered to be an unbreakable cipher and was used by governments to send important messages.
*But in the 1800s Vigenere was discovered to be susceptible to a modified form of frequency analysis. After that point it was considered insecure.
*Still the properties of Vigenere that we’ve found are desirable.Activity 2 (20 mins)Computationally Hard Problems -- How good is your password?
Teaching Tip
Don’t worry too much about the precise definitions of ’computationally hard’ and ’reasonable time’ here. It will be addressed more in the video at the end of this lesson as well as the next lesson.
You should know that the CSP Framework does have a learning objective that relates: 4.2.1 Explain the difference between algorithms that run in a reasonable time and those that do not run in a reasonable time. [P1]
Introduction
*We know that a good encryption algorithm reduces the problem of cracking it to simply guessing the key.
*We want the key to be Computationally Hard to guess - in other words, hard for a computer to guess.
*Computationally Hard typically means that arriving at the solution would take a computer a prohibitively long time - as in: centuries or eons.
*In terms of cracking encryption that means that the number of possible keys must be so large, that even a computer trying billions of possible keys per second is unlikely to arrive at the correct key in a reasonable amount of time.
*Nowadays when you use a password for a website or device, your password is used as a cryptographic key.
*So, choosing a good password is meaningful because we want the key to be hard for a computer to guess. How good is your password?..
Go to Code Studio
*
Distribute: Keys and Passwords - Worksheet
*The worksheet simply has questions on it to answer. You may distribute them in some other format if you like.
*
Students should click on the next page in Code Studio: How Secure Is My Password? - Code Studio Page..How Secure is my Password - Code Studio Page
Students should read the text on this page about password security and choice.
Student tasks are listed..1. Open up password strength checker
Students should open the external website howsecureismypassword.net in a separate tab or window and then try out these things listed:
Teaching Tips
Make sure you leave enough time for the wrap up.
Students may have a lot of questions about passwords and security that you feel like you might not be able to answer. That’s OK!
a) You don’t have to be an expert on this subject
b) The reality is that the world of cybersecurity changes every day
c) Some of the details can get very complicated, even for professionals.
So, encourage the students’ curiosity and perhaps say, “I don’t know, but I bet you could look it up.” Cybersecurity is an enormous topic. If students get interested, they could dedicate their whole life to this field.2. Test some passwords
Try different passwords to see what the tool tells you:
*Try typing common words from the dictionary or well-known names like “apple” or “chicago”.
*Try typing something that’s over 16 characters.
*Try a string of 4 random words together, like AppleChicagoBalletTree.
*Type a 0. Then keep typing 0s and watch what happens to the statistics. (Actually, you might want to just hold 0 down for a while.)
*Try other things that interest you.3. Answer Questions
Questions are listed in Keys and Passwords - Worksheet:
*Create a few passwords using 8 lowercase ASCII characters (a-z). What’s the longest amount of time-to-crack you can generate?
*Using any characters on the keyboard, what’s the longest amount of time-to-crack you can generate with an 8-character password?
*As you try passwords, what seems to be the single most significant factor in making a password difficult to crack? Why do you think this is?
*Opinion: Is an 8-character minimum a good password length for websites to require? Give your opinion, yes or no, and explain why you think that.
*The AP CS Principles framework contains the following statement: Implementing cybersecurity has software, hardware, and human components. Based on what you’ve learned so far, describe at least one way that cybersecurity involves “human components.”
Hopefully you can now appreciate this comic: http://xkcd.com/936/Wrap-up (10-15 mins)
Discussion Goal
The goal here is to recall that the reason we want to have encrypted transactions is for our own security.
We should feel good about well known strong encryption methods.
We want a world in which anyone can conduct secure transactions on the web; without this possibility, many things would be impossible.
Discuss:
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Before the Vigenere cipher was cracked, many governments openly used it. That is, they made no secret about the fact that they were using the Vigenere cipher - it was publicly known. In the modern day, it remains the case that most encryption techniques are publicly known.
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Prompt: Why might it actually be a good thing that encryption algorithms are freely shared, so that anyone who wishes can try to crack them?
*If the security of an encryption technique relies solely on the method remaining a secret, it actually may not be that secure.
*Ideally, a method will be so secure that even if you know which technique was used, it is difficult or impossible to crack the message.
*By making encryption techniques public, we open them up to being tested by anyone who wishes to ensure there are no clever ways of cracking the encryption.Video: Encryption and Public Keys
Wrap up goals
The video re-iterates a number of points that came out in this lesson.
Understand the relationship between cryptographic keys and passwords.
*A Key is an input to
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